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The Middle Ages represent a period of decrease in gardens for aesthetic purposes. After the fall of Rome, gardening was done for the purpose of growing medical herbs and/or embellishing church altars. Abbeys continued a tradition of garden style and extreme horticultural methods throughout the middle ages period in Europe. Usually, monastic garden types consisted of kitchen gardens, infirmary gardens, cemetery orchards, cloister garths and vineyards. Individual abbeys might also have had a "green court", a plot of yard and trees where horses could graze, in addition to a cellarer's garden or private gardens for obedientiaries, monks who held specific posts within the abbey.

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Frequently, the centre of the garden would have a reflecting swimming pool or pavilion. Particular to the Islamic gardens are the mosaics and glazed tiles used to embellish the rills and water fountains that were built in these gardens. By the late 13th century, rich Europeans began to grow gardens for leisure and for medicinal herbs and vegetables. They surrounded the gardens by walls to safeguard them from animals and to supply privacy. During the next two centuries, Europeans started planting lawns and raising flowerbeds and trellises of roses. Fruit trees were common in these gardens and also in some, there were grass seats.

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The gardens in the 16th and 17th century were symmetric, proportioned and stabilized with a more classical look. The majority of these gardens were constructed around a main axis and they were divided into different parts by hedges. Commonly, gardens had actually flowerbeds laid out in squares and separated by gravel paths. Gardens in Renaissance were adorned with sculptures, topiary and water fountains. In the 17th century, knot gardens ended up being popular together with the hedge labyrinths. By  landscaping ideas , Europeans started planting new flowers such as tulips, marigolds and sunflowers.